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Analog Integrated Electronics EE431 / EE531 Revised April 27, 2012 Professor Kenneth A. Kuhn |
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General Class Information General Student
Information This is
the main student page and has a variety of information you
should know.
EE431/EE531 Course Syllabus This is the course syllabus and rough lab schedule. Test
Scores This is
a histogram list of scores in descending numerical order. Absolutely no
names, codes, or any identifiers will ever be used that could link a score
to a particular student.
EE431 Test Header Sheet(s) This is a copy of the first page(s) of any test and
have the equations and other information I provide. Use this to
study by.
Test Policies (On main student page) It is very important that you know and adhere to these! January 29, 2012: EE431 Lab Report Format Use this guide for writing lab reports. This is brand new and will be evolving as students have questions (feel free to email questions, concerns, etc. and I will address them) and as I see issues. You may have one lab partner and turn in a joint lab report -- this supersedes anything in the course policies, etc. -- I will be updating those as I have time. Obsolete format (but you might want to read it anyway for some
thoughts) but I will keep it here until all information has been
ported to the above.EE431 Lab Report Format This is the format for writing lab
reports. Download and edit the following link for
the cover sheet of your report -- now obsolete, you do not need
a cover sheet -- I will remove
this link at some point: ee431_lab_title_page.doc |
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Latest Class
News See the following link for an article
I wrote in Electronic Design magazine. The topic is directly
applicable to EE431. http://electronicdesign.com/article/analog-and-mixed-signal/Rediscover-The-Truly-Tunable-Hall-Network-.aspx Note: see the noise_experiment spreadsheet just below Lab 2. This may help in understanding what is going on. We will discuss it Wed. night (Feb. 15) March 1, 2012: Important! I just found out that the ABET files require that all labs be individually done -- so no lab partners and no group lab reports. I hate this as much as you do but that is the way it is. March 5, 2012: For ABET requirements, Lab 8 will have to be written up and handed in. I will provide more instructions on what to do soon. I will try to make it as easy as possible. ******** The revised Lab 4 is now posted. ******** Lab 4 is due April 11th. Lab 4 is one of special ABET interest and there are several important things students need to show on the lab reports: * Document in detail the experimental setup including model numbers and serial number of the equipment used. This makes the experiment traceable if someone desired to repeat the test -- important in many job situations. * Show a complete connection diagram of the test equipment setup (A Visio drawing would be good). * Write the report so that someone else could repeat the experiment. Repeatability is very important. You should do this anyway for any write-up Here is the plan for the remainder of the course: April 11: Discuss oscillator lab and non-linear lab April 18: Test 2 and discuss Lab 7 on voltage regulators and thermal issues April 25: Discuss A/D and D/A converters and Lab 8 Please turn labs in as soon as you can. Review for Test 2 (I will be out of town Mon. - Wed. and will not likely have email access so get all questions in by Sunday evening) * Be able to derive analysis and design equations for inverting and non-inverting schmitt triggers * Thermocouple problem(s) similar to H.W. * RTD problem -- be able to complete design -- y = mx + b type circuit * Be able to work y = mx + b circuit in general * Determine order for Butterworth and Chebyshev filter * Complete the design of a Sallen-Key circuit * Analyze circuit similar to LM555 for frequency of oscillation * Analysis of absolute value circuit, similar to lab -- given a DC input voltage, determine voltages at various nodes * Complete design of log converter -- very similar to lab See new thermal and voltage regulator HW problems -- good practice for test. Review for Final Exam -- Note: I have added two new equations to the test equations sheet concerning A/D and D/A * Op-amp offset, bias current, offset current, 1 sigma error band, bias current compensation * Op-amp non-inverting and inverting amplifiers * gain bandwidth product and frequency response * instrumentation amplifiers * op-amp circuits, inverting summer, differential amplifier, etc. * single power supply circuits * noise analysis * thermocouples, RTDs, diode temperature sensor processing circuits * filter order calculations * Sallen-Key analysis and design * comparators and Schmitt trigger circuits, analysis and design * RC state-machine oscillator (similar to LM555) analysis and design, duty cycle analysis and design * Zener diode regulator design from given starting point (no iteration) * Voltage regulation, line regulation calculations * Heat dissipation of voltage regulator * Thermal calculations * A/D and D/A calculations Check back often between now and the final exam for any updates as I expect to make several updates over the next week or so. Five students do not have to take the final. I can not list names or IDs so the following are the Test1 and Test2 scores. I used a test average of 87 as a cutoff since Test2 scores were a little lower than expected -- that average will be used as your final exam score for computing your final grade. It is recommended that if your scores are on this list that you email me just to receive a confirmation -- we don't want anything to go wrong. If you want to take the final anyway then you are welcome. For grading purposes I would use your test average if you scored less than that -- so you cannot lose. I doubt anyone would that did not have to take the final actually would want to but there are all types out there -- I accomodate everyone. Although all the labs are not in yet, I assume that the top students below will hand in excellent labs so their lab grade should be practically perfect and insure that they earn an 'A' for the course. It is possible to miss an 'A' if labs were not good but surely that will not be an issue. 94, 80 89, 84 88, 91 94, 85 91, 93 New information will be posted in this space as it is available -- check back often. |
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The following files are the lecture notes for the course I teach at the University of Alabama, Birmingham. Anyone who finds this site is welcome to use the files. Free text book materials http://dydaktyka.polsl.pl/kme/procesory/ramka_literatura5_e.html This site has a number of links to excellent text materials for this course. http://focus.ti.com/docs/apps/catalog/resources/appnoteabstract.jhtml?abstractName=slod006b (Op-Amps for Everyone Design Guide, Ron Mancini, Texas Instruments) This is an excellent book that goes perfectly with this course. If you have trouble with this link then you can access it on the above link. If there are download issues I may post the pdf on this site just so it can always be found. The primary text for EE431/EE531 consists of articles written by the instructor and data sheets and application notes from a variety of manufacture web sites as posted below. You should definitely print out the instructor's articles as those are very applicable to tests. You may want to print some of the manufacture's information but it is not necessary to print all of it as that would be a huge number of pages and you would be lost in the wealth of information. Definitely read all of them. Note that the data and application notes include material that is beyond the scope of the class - do not worry about sections that are not applicable. After you have gained more experience those advanced sections will begin to make sense. Be sure to check out the following interview on National Public Radio with Jim Williams who is an analog electronics engineer and works for Linear Technologies Corporation in Milpitas, CA -- the southeastern end of what is known as Silicon Valley. The audio is about 5 minutes and there are five interesting pictures of Jim's office and home. Jim is one of the best known analog designers in the world and the interview is very interesting. Jim has written many articles concerning electronics engineering. A few of the application notes below were written by him. NPR : One Man's Junk Is Another's Marvel http://www.edn.com/videocast/ http://www.edn.com/videocast/ http://www.edn.com/videocast/ The following companies have excellent web sites with a lot of information. Their application notes are the basis for many textbooks you could pay a lot of money for. You can download these for free. You need to check these sites anytime you need to know anything. http://www.national.com National Semiconductor Be sure to check the many features of the Analog University. There is a lot of very useful information – probably the best anywhere on the Internet. Studying many of the old application notes here (some are part of the course material below) is how your instructor learned what he knows. http://www.analog.com Analog Devices http://www.linear.com Linear Technology Corporationhttp://www.omega.com Omega Engineering This company supplies many different types of transducers and also has some excellent application notes. Their web site contains a lot of data and general information. The following sections of the course are grouped by color which is intended to make it easier to locate material. |
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Title Page for Notes This is a title page that goes with the entire note set. |
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The following notes are the primary course material for op-amps. op_amp_introduction.pdf This article begins with a brief history and then describes the pins and operation of an op-amp. op_amp_analysis.pdf This article describes how to perform classical and ideal analysis of op-amp circuits. op_amp_dc_error_analysis.pdf This article describes how to analyze an op-amp circuit for the effect of DC errors such as offset voltage, bias current, and offset bias current. op_amp_calculator.xls This is a spreadsheet that analyses a basic op-amp circuit for gain, DC errors such as offset voltage, bias current, and offset bias current, AC bandwidth, and noise. op_amp_specs.pdf This article describes the most common specifications of an op-amp on the data sheet. op_amp_homework.pdf This is a set of homework problems to solve concerning various error terms. op_amp_single_supply.pdf This article describes how to analyze op-amp circuits that operate on a single power supply voltage. op_amp_frequency_response.pdf This article describes the frequency response of an op-amp. op_amp_frequency_response.xls This spreadsheet simulates up to a third order roll-off in frequency response of an op-amp. Both the open-loop and close-loop responses are shown. It is easy to see the bandwidth limitations at high gain or gain peaking or even instability at low gain. instrumentation_amplifier.pdf This is a brief summary hand calculation of the characteristic of an instrumentation amplifier. Refer to the manufacturer's notes below for more information. op_amp_floating_sources.pdf This note illustrates a common problem in instrumentation and the solution. op_amp_practical_applications.pdf This article provides some general and practical information on op-amp circuits. op_amp_general_considerations.pdf This article provides some general considerations on how to choose an op-amp for a particular application. op_amp_circuit.pdf This article describes a simple op-amp circuit built with discrete components. The purpose of the article is to illustrate the basic internal building blocks. hw_problems.pdf These are a couple of good homework problems to work. Be sure you understand these -- something similar could be on the tests. EE431 Lab 1: Operational amplifier measurements Here is some supplemental material -- actually it is a lot! You should read as much of it as you can.http://www.waltjung.org This is an excellent web site for students to check out -- be sure to go the Library page and read the material under ADI Books and Articles -- that is better than any text book on op-amps. There are numerous easy to read articles concerning applications of op-amps in the library section. An excellent book to have is IC Op-amp Cookbook by Walter Jung. It is a paperback that has been in print for over 30 years. Any edition is excellent for students. The third edition of this book is still in print although Mr. Jung advises me that the print quality is poor with the newer printings. He recommends that older third editions be purchased instead. My thought is that ebay is a good source. Information: Even though much of the material in the following is beyond what you can comprehend now it is excellent to read and understand what you can. This is where your instructor learned op-amps by the same process. The Monolithic Operational Amplifier: A Tutorial Study Has some good basic information although much of it is advanced -- learn what you can. Monolithic Op-Amp -- The Universal Linear Component -- written by who is considered to be the greatest op-amp designer that ever lived, Robert Widlar. The correct pronunciation of his last name is "WIDE-lahr". See Picture of Robert Widlar Current feedback amplifiers This is not part of the course but is an introduction to a different type of op-amp that has extremely wide bandwidth. It is advanced but you should be able to pick up on some concepts. Data Sheets: Here are some common data sheets you should be familiar with. LM741 Data Sheet LM324 Data Sheet LM118 Op-Amp Slews 70 volts/microsecond AD549 Data Sheet OP07 Data Sheet Example Circuits: -- Many examples to give you ideas of what can be done with op-amps. Op-Amp Circuit Collection A Collection of Op-Amp Applications Application Information: http://www.national.com/onlineseminar/2002/amps/use_abuse_amps.html This is video seminar presented by Bob Pease in very easy to understand form concerning good and bad things to do to or with op-amps. You will gain some practical knowledge and Bob is always very entertaining. An Applications Guide to Op-Amps -- This has a variety of circuits and concepts Settling Time of Operational Amplifiers Working with High Impedance Op-Amps -- written by Robert Widlar. Applying a New Precision Op-Amp -- written by Robert Widlar. Biasing
and De-Coupling Op-Amps in Single Supply
Applications |
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The following is the text material for this part of the course. noise_notes.pdf This note is a brief summary of noise information and includes some homework problems. New as of Feb. 1, 2011 -- this file has been updated to include the missing page of notes. noise_opamps.pdf This note discusses how to calculate noise in op-amp circuits. amplifier_noise_metrics.pdf This is a noise related note that may be useful in a communication course. noise_homework.pdf These are homework problems that are to be worked and handed in for credit EE431 Lab 2: Random Noise noise_experiment.xlsx This is an aid to the Random Noise lab above Note: Use the op_amp_calculator.xls spreadsheet in the Operational Amplifier section to check noise calculations. The following are some application notes concerning noise. The following is supplemental material that you should read. optimum_rs_for_minimum_noise This is a noise related note concerning achieving minimum noise that may be useful in a communication course. Application Note 104 Noise Specs Confusing? AN-358: Noise and Operational Amplifier Circuits Finding Op-Amp Noise with Spreadsheet Part 1: Ask The Applications Engineer-7 Part 2: Ask The Applications Engineer-8 The following table shows the ratio of noise bandwidth to electrical bandwidth (-3 dB) of a system. The noise bandwidth is always wider than the electrical bandwidth but approaches the electrical bandwidth as the filter order becomes high. First order -- 1.57 Second order -- 1.22 Third order -- 1.15 Fourth order -- 1.13 Fifth order -- 1.11 Thus, a first order low-pass filter with an electrical bandwidth of 1 kHz would have a noise bandwidth of 1.57 kHz. |
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This is the primary text for this section of the
course. http://www.dataforth.com/catalog/pdf/an107.pdf This
is a continuing application about thermocouples. |
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The following is the text material for this part of the course. frequency_filters.pdf This note is an introduction and general description of frequency filters. butterworth_math.pdf This note has the derivation of Butterworth mathematics. chebyshev_math.pdf This note has a summary of Chebyshev mathematics. filter_tables.pdf This note has filter design tables for a variety of low-pass filters. sallen_key_math.pdf This note has the derivation of analysis and design of Sallen-Key low-pass filters. biquad_circuit.pdf This is the derivation of the general bi-quad filter circuit that can simultaneously do low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-reject filters with easy control of frequency and Q. choosing_rc_values_for_active_filter.pdf This is an article about how to determine practical resistor and capacitor values for RC active filters. filter_hw.pdf These are a few homework problems you should work. lpf_design.xls This spreadsheet computes the pole locations for up to a 16th order Butterworth or Chebyshev low-pass filter sallen_key_design.xls This spreadsheet computes the resistor and capacitor values for a second-order low-pass Sallen-Key filter section. frs.xls This spreadsheet plots the frequency response of an s-domain system of up to 7th order. EE431 Lab 4: Low-pass Filters The following is supplemental material that you should read. http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/application_notes/447952852AN-649_0.pdf Using the Analog Devices Active Filter Design Tool -- The text and plots for this note are better than any text book you can buy. |
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Introduction to Oscillators This is a brief introduction to oscillators in general. Sine Wave Oscillators This discusses various forms of sine wave oscillators. State Machine Oscillators This discusses various state machine driven oscillators using comparators. LM555 Square Wave Oscillator with Variable Duty Cycle This is a modification of the standard LM555 oscillator to produce a near square wave. The duty cycle is varied by connecting the RC charge/discharge waveform to a comparator with an adjustable threshold. Articles from the HP Journal http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1949-11.pdf This is part 1 of a discussion of the various Wein Bridge oscillators. These were built using vacuum tubes but you should be able to easily follow the discussion. http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1949-12.pdf This is part 2 of a discussion of the various Wein Bridge oscillators. http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1962-01.pdf (HP204B) This issue discusses the first solid state version of the Wein Bridge oscillator. http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1965-11.pdf (HP3300A) This issue discusses a state machine driven oscillator to generate triangle and square waves and illustrates a piecewise linear transfer function to convert triangle waves into sine waves. http://www.kennethkuhn.com/hpmuseum/dating/vintage_hp_oscillators.pdf This is an article that has some interesting history concerning early HP Wein Bridge oscillators. oscillator_hw.pdf *** NEW *** Here are some homework problems for oscillators. EE431 Lab 5: Oscillator Circuits In this lab the student re-creates Bill Hewlett's famous lamp stabilized oscillator that became the first product of the Hewlett-Packard Company. The second part of the lab concerns designing rectangular wave oscillators using the LM555 Timer. |
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The following is the text material for this part of the course. comparators.pdf The comparator has many similarities to an op-amp but has a digital output instead. schmitt_triggers.pdf The Schmitt-trigger is a comparator circuit with positive feedback to create a hysterisis zone in the switching thus reducing the effect of noise. diode_circuits.pdf A precision rectifier can be built by placing a diode in the feedback path of an op-amp. The forward voltage of the diode is divided by the open-loop gain of the op-amp to create an essentially zero forward voltage rectifier. general_non_linear_feedback.pdf This brief note illustrates how non-linear feedback is used to create new non-linear funtions logarithmic_circuit.pdf This is an example of non-linear feedback using the exponential forward current in a PN junction to make a wide range logarithmic circuit. analog_computational_elements.pdf This is a general note about the use of some special integrated circuits to implement some complex non-linear circuits. EE431 Lab 6: Non-linear Circuits The following is supplemental material that you should read. piecewise_linear_circuit_notes.pdf These notes shows how a non-linear transfer function can be approximated by piecewise linear sections using diodes. piecewise_linear_circuits.pdf This is a more detailed text and illustrates a design application using piecewise linear circuits to implement a simple square-root circuit. Log Converters Theory and Applications of Log Amplifiers Realizing Trigonometric Functions with the Multifunction Converter, LH0094 |
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voltage_regulators_zeners.pdf This note describes shunt voltage regulators using Zener diodes. voltage_regulators_series.pdf This note describes series voltage regulators. zener_regulator.xls This is a spreadsheet to assist in the design (and understanding) of Zener shunt regulators. EE431 Lab 7: Voltage Regulators This lab provides experience with Zener shunt regulators and series regulators. |
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thermal.pdf This note is on thermal analysis and design. Aavid-Thermalloy web site This is one of the best known companies for small heat sinks and they have a lot of information on this site. Heat sink selection guide This is a good article on the selection of heat sinks. thermal_homework.pdf These are some good thermal problems (with answers) to work -- do not hand in. new! Thermal and Voltage Regulator Problems These are some more practice problems (with answers) for the test. Do not hand in. |
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The following is the text material for this part of the course. ad_converters.pdf This note describes basic A/D and D/A converters and includes homework problems with answers. EE431 Lab 8: Analog to Digital Conversion (use with Analog to Digital Simulation Spreadsheet below) This lab is now to be handed in. a2dsim.xls This spreadsheet implements a simulation of an analog-to-digital converter and conversion back to analog. The following is supplemental material that you should
read. ABCs_of_ADCs Here is a direct link to an excellent article about analog to digital converters. If you have trouble with this link then go to the main National Semiconductor link above, select analog university, and search for ABC's_of_ADCs. |
